Measurement Of Anthropometric Parameters Research Articles

Apple cider vinegar for weight management in Lebanese adolescents and young adults with overweight and obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

Background and aimsObesity and overweight have become significant health concerns worldwide, leading to an increased interest in finding natural remedies for weight reduction. One such remedy that has gained popularity...

Association between glycemia risk index and arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes.

This study aims to investigate the association of glycemia risk index (GRI), a novel composite metric derived from continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), with arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 diabetes. A total of 342 adults with type 2 diabetes were enrolled between April and June 2023 from 11 communities in Shanghai, China. Medical examinations, including measurements of anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, and venous blood samples were conducted. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) was examined to evaluate arterial stiffness. All the participants underwent a 14 day CGM recording and GRI was calculated from the CGM data. The mean age was 70.3 ± 6.8 years, and 162 (47.4%) were male. Participants with a higher baPWV had significantly higher levels of GRI and hyperglycemia component (both P for trend < 0.05). Linear regression revealed the significant positive linear associations of the GRI with baPWV in unadjusted or adjusted models (All P < 0.05). In the multivariable logistic analysis, each increase in the GRI quartile was associated with a 1.30-fold (95% CI 1.01-1.68, P for trend < 0.05) higher prevalence of increased arterial stiffness after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, diabetes duration, current smoking status, blood pressure, and lipid profile. Subgroup analyses showed that the association between the GRI quartiles and increased arterial stiffness was stronger among participants with a diabetes duration ≥15 years (P for interaction = 0.014). Glycemia risk index assessed by continuous glucose monitoring is associated with increased arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes.

Serum Zinc Levels in Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome are Lower as Compared to Those without Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Cohort Study.

Zinc is an essential micronutrient, a vital stabiliser and a cofactor in many enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and phospholipase C and also acts as an antioxidant by protecting the sulfhydryl groups of different proteins and enzymes against free radicals. It is unclear if serum zinc levels are correlated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and its pathophysiology, although relation between diabetes and insulin resistance has been established. This study aimed to investigate circulating serum zinc levels in PCOS subjects compared with non-PCOS subjects. In this cohort study, PCOS subjects were compared with normal subjects aged between 18 and 35. All the included subjects underwent measurement of anthropometric parameters, fasting insulin, luteinising hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin, progesterone, oestrogen and serum zinc levels. These values were taken on days 2-5 of the menstrual cycle. Univariate analysis and linear regression were performed for serum zinc levels and fasting insulin levels in PCOS subjects and non-PCOS subjects using SPSS (version 21) and Microsoft Excel (2019). Serum zinc levels in the PCOS group were lower than in the control group (P = 0.012). Fasting insulin levels in the PCOS group were higher than in non-PCOS subjects (P = 0.001). We found a negative correlation between zinc and fasting insulin (r = -0.580, P < 0.0001) in the normal group and (r = -0.332, P = 0.019) in the PCOS group. A positive correlation was found between body mass index (BMI) and fasting insulin levels in both the PCOS group (r = 0.227, P = 0.112) and normals (r = 0.612, P < 0.0001). A negative statistically significant correlation between BMI and zinc in both the PCOS group (r = -0.378, P = 0.007) and the non-PCOS group (r = -0.7452, P < 0.0001) was seen. The data suggest that serum zinc levels were found to be lower in PCOS subjects as compared to normal controls and evaluation of these levels may indicate that zinc has a vital role in PCOS pathophysiology.

The effects of speed and terrain characteristics on the distribution of force and plantar pressure during the gait of children with different levels of physical activity

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Introduction. &amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;The adoption of correct walking patterns is an indicator of the locomotor system readiness to establish optimal interaction between body force and the surface, and the way of creating pressure exerted by the feet during the walking cycle. The aim was to examine how the speed and characteristics of the terrain affect the distribution of force and plantar pressure during the gait of children with different levels of physical activity.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Methods.&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; A prospective comparative study included 150 students aged 11&amp;amp;ndash;12 years and their parents from Banja Luka. According to the protocol, each group of subjects walked at average and maximum speed on flat and 5% inclined terrain. For the purposes of the research, the Physical Activity Questionnaire PAQ-C (The Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children), a survey questionnaire for parents, measurement of anthropometric parameters and Zebris strips (Zebris Medical GmbH, Germany) were used for gait analysis.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Results.&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; When walking at maximum speed in inactive subjects, the maximum force on the left (F(148) = 14.878, p &amp;amp;lt; 0.001) and right (F(148) = 8.204, p &amp;amp;lt; 0.001) heel decreased, while in moderately and highly active subjects it grew moderately. In highly active subjects, the highest value of maximum pressure was registered (d = -1.41 for the left leg and d = 1.36 for the right leg). When the slope of the terrain changes in inactive subjects, the maximum force on the front part of both feet decreased (F(148) = 5.043, p = 0.008, d = 0). The influence of terrain characteristics was such that walking on a 5% incline almost as a rule had greater effects on inactive children, while moderately and highly physically active children gave an adequate response when walking on the 5% incline.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Conclusion.&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; Urbanization and new developments in society impose the need to involve children in organized activities so that children acquire the skills and demonstrate the competence they face in their environment.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

Effects of a calorie-restricted dietary intervention on weight loss and gut microbiota diversity in obese patients with sleep deprivation

ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the effects of a calorie-restricted dietary (CRD) intervention on weight and gut microbiota diversity in obese patients with sleep deprivation (SD).MethodsTwenty obese patients were divided into a sleep deprivation group (SD group, n = 10) and a nonsleep deprivation group (NSD group, n = 10), both of which underwent a CRD intervention for 12 weeks. Measurement of anthropometric parameters, biochemical examinations and gut microbiota detection were performed at baseline and at the end of week 12. Mi Smart Bands 1 (Standard Option) were used to monitor sleep and exercise.Results(1) The CRD intervention improved body weight (BW), waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), basal metabolic rate (BMR), body fat content (BFC), and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in all obese patients. (2) In the NSD group, BW, BFC, VFA (visceral fat area), BMR and total cholesterol (TC) were significantly reduced after the CRD intervention (P < 0.05). (3) The alpha diversity of the gut microbiota remained unchanged after the intervention in the two groups. (4) There was a negative correlation between Mollicutes and BMR in the NSD group.ConclusionsThe effects of a CRD intervention weaken on weight loss and the metabolism of blood lipids may be weakened by SD. The abundance of Mollicutes bacteria may be related to weight loss after a CRD intervention in obese patients.Level of evidenceIII, prospective cohort study.

Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its components in secondary school student population in the city of Douala, Cameroon

Background: While the burden of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is still increasing in sub-Saharan Africa, there is a lack of data among young Cameroonian population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of MetS and its components among secondary school students in Douala. Design and methods: This was a cross-sectional prospective study carried out on 803 students recruited from February to May 2021 in public and private secondary schools in Douala city, Cameroon. MetS was assessed according to the IDF/AHA/NHLBI 2009 consensus definition. The data collection consisted of a questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics, measurement of anthropometric parameters (height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference) and overnight fasting blood sample. Blood pressure (BP), fasting blood glucose, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were measured using standard methods. Results: The mean age was 18±3 years, 73.3% female. The prevalence of MetS was 27.4%, common among participants aged ≥16 years, and higher in females compare to males (33.7% vs 11.1%, p&lt;0.0001). The prevalence of MetS components i.e abdominal obesity, high BP, fasting hyperglycemia, low-level HDL cholesterol and hypertriglyceridemia were 14.1%, 18.1%, 42.8%, 51.4% and 38.6% respectively. All MetS components were significantly higher in females compared to males except for high BP which was similar among the genders. Conclusions: In our study population, the prevalence of MetS is high and this calls for improved monitoring to limit the evolution of associated cardiometabolic complications among young Cameroonians.

Body composition and laboratory parameters in children with down syndrome: The DONUT study

Children affected by Down syndrome (DS) have a higher prevalence of obesity, dyslipidemia, and altered liver enzymes. This study investigates a small sample of pediatric patients with DS and possible associations among their anthropometric and laboratory data. Cross-sectional study involving 33 children (5-17 years old) affected by DS. Children underwent the measurement of anthropometric parameters through bioelectrical impedance analysis and a venous sampling to check their hepatic and lipid profiles. 54.6% of subjects were overweight or obese according to WHO (BMI z-score ≥1) and 42% of subjects were overweight or obese according to McCarthy etal. with a percentage of body fat (PBF)≥85° centiles. 28% of subjects were dyslipidemic, showing an alteration of total, LDL, HDL cholesterol or triglycerides according to our laboratory reference values, and a low HDL value (under the normal range for gender and age) was the most frequent lipidic alteration (12.5%). An association was found between some values: lower HDL value was associated with higher PBF (p=0.025); higher ALT value was associated with higher BMI z-score (p=0.01) and higher PBF (p=0.01); higher GGT value was associated with higher BMI z-score (p=0.002) and higher PBF (p=0.002). Children with DS are at high risk for obesity and its complications. Our results show dyslipidemia and altered liver enzymes in obese subjects. Pediatricians should monitor children with DS for obesity and consider liver function testing and lipid profiles on children with DS and obesity.

Prevalencia de esteatosis hepática no alcohólica en una ciudad española: estudio poblacional

ObjectiveNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is western countries’ most important cause of hepatic steatosis and hypertransaminasemia. The objective was to evaluate the prevalence of NAFLD among 261,025 people in the East Valladolid public healthcare area in Spain. MethodsWe randomly selected 1800 participants from a public healthcare system card database, representing most of the population. We performed a medical record, measurement of anthropometric parameters, abdominal ultrasound, and blood tests to rule out hepatic disease in all patients. We calculated the FLI score in all patients. ResultsFour hundred and forty-eight participants agreed to participate in the study. The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in our study was 22.3% [18.5–26.2%]. Prevalence was highest between 50 and 70 years, increasing with age (p < 0.006). There were no significant differences in sex (p = 0.338). The median body mass index was 27.2, and NAFLD was related to the weight (p < 0.001) and abdominal perimeter (p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed GGT lower than 26UI/ml, body mass index higher than 31, and HOMA IR greater than 2.54 as independent factors to predict NAFLD in the sample. NAFLD diagnosis matched with an elevated FLI score in 88% of cases. ConclusionAccording to other epidemiological studies, NAFLD's prevalence is very high. A complete study with a clinical consultation, image studies, and blood tests in all patients allows us to assess the prevalence of NAFLD in the population.

The nature of sleep disorders and quality of life against the background of stress in patients with moderate to high cardiovascular risk

Objective — to evaluate the dynamics of sleep quality and duration, as well as quality of life after 12 months of follow‑up in patients with moderate to high cardiovascular risk against the background of stress caused by military actions.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The prospective, open, non‑placebo controlled investigation has been conducted over 12 months with participation of 87 patients with moderate to high cardiovascular risk. Women prevailed among patients (50 (57.5%)), the mean age was (59.39±12.09) years. Obesity of I degree was established in 47.1%, II degree obesity in 32.3%, III degree obesity in 11.8% of patients, and excessive body mass was registered in 8.8% of the examined subjects. There were no subjects with normal body mass. At baseline, essential hypertension of various stages was established in 58.9% of patients. All patients underwent assessment of cardiovascular risk based on Framingham scale, index of quality of life with SF‑36 «Health Status Survey» questionnaire, stress level with Perceived Stress Scale, presence of sleep disorders with the use of criteria of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (2014), as well as measurement of anthropometric parameters.&#x0D; Results. The prevalence of stress was 100.0% with no significant difference between women (99.8%) and men (100.0%), (OR=0.96 with 95% CI 0.72—1.28). At baseline, circadian disturbances of sleep and alertness prevailed in patients (41%), while after 12 months of observation, insomnia was more common in the entire observation group (55.8%). At the end of the study, the number of patients who had difficulty falling asleep increased (from 35.3% to 81.2%, р &lt;0.05), who had difficulty maintaining uninterrupted sleep (from 38.2% to 66.6%, р &lt;0.05), who had awakening before the planned time (from 58.8% to 75.0%, р &lt;0.05), who had nausea/vomiting as a manifestation of sleep disturbance (from 17.6% to 37.5%, р &lt;0.05), who had deterioration of attention/concentration/memory (from 58.8% to 77.1%, р &lt;0.05).&#x0D; Conclusions. Against the background of chronic stress, insomnia prevailed among all sleep disorders in patients with moderate to high cardiovascular risk. As a result of the study, the significant decrease in the quality of life index from 69.7% to 43.2% has been established in this category of patients against the background of chronic stress.&#x0D;  

Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a Spanish town: a population-based study

ObjectiveNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is western countries’ most important cause of hepatic steatosis and hypertransaminasemia. The objective was to evaluate the prevalence of NAFLD among 261,025 people in the East Valladolid public healthcare area in Spain. MethodsWe randomly selected 1800 participants from a public healthcare system card database, representing most of the population. We performed a medical record, measurement of anthropometric parameters, abdominal ultrasound, and blood tests to rule out hepatic disease in all patients. We calculated the FLI score in all patients. Results448 participants agreed to participate in the study. The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in our study was 22.3% [18.5%–26.2%]. Prevalence was highest between 50 and 70 years, increasing with age (p < 0.006). There were no significant differences in sex (p = 0.338). The median Body mass index was 27.2, and NAFLD was related to the weight (p < 0,001) and abdominal perimeter (p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed GGT lower than 26 UI/ml, body mass index higher than 31, and HOMA IR greater than 2.54 as independent factors to predict NAFLD in the sample. NAFLD diagnosis matched with an elevated FLI score in 88% of cases. ConclusionAccording to other epidemiological studies, NAFLD’s prevalence is very high. A complete study with a clinical consultation, image studies, and blood tests in all patients allows us to assess the prevalence of NAFLD in the population.

HRV indicators in wheel-chair basketball players under the influence of training load

   Relevance The purpose of this study is to study the functional state and features of the regulation of cardiac activity of athletes with disabilities, with damage to the musculoskeletal system, engaged in wheel-chair basketball. For several years now, the number of athletes in this sport has increased.The purpose of the study is to study the functional capabilities of athletes, which will not only reveal their potential and capabilities, but also identify specific needs that can be met with the help of appropriate training and rehabilitation.   Methods and organization of research. Measurements of anthropometric parameters were carried out, conclusions were made on the indicators of pulse, blood pressure, oxygen saturation and heart rate variability. As part of a step-by-step study of the functional state of athletes in the preparatory period of a oneyear training cycle, the level of adaptation of athletes was assessed using cardiointervalometry. As a result of the research, it was concluded that according to the spectral analysis of heart rate variability, the initial state of the autonomic nervous system of the studied group of athletes with musculoskeletal system damage engaged in wheelchair basketball was characterized by simatonia at rest, high pulse, systolic and diastolic, as well as pulse pressure were recorded. It was found that the level of activation of the vasomotor center of regulation has the strongest reliable influence on changes in the pulse as an indicator of adaptive potential.   Conclusions. It was revealed that the average values of CCC indicators in Paralympic basketball players differ significantly from those of ordinary athletes. In particular, Paralympic basketball players have high pulse rates, systolic and diastolic, as well as pulse pressure. While the frequency analysis indicators are within the low values.

Resistin/uric acid index as a marker of metabolic syndrome in females with obesity.

The resistin/uric index has been considered a prognostic factor for identifying young people with obesity. Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome (MS) are an important health problem in females. The objective of this work was to evaluate the relationship of resistin/acid uric index with Metabolic Syndrome on Caucasian females with obesity. We conducted a cross sectional study in 571 females with obesity. Measurements of anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, insulin concentration, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profile, C reactive protein, uric acid, resistin and prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome were determined. The resistin/uric acid index was calculated. In total, 249 subjects had MS (43.6%). We detected higher levels in the following parameters (Delta; p values); waist circumference (3.1 ± 0.5 cm; p = 0.04), systolic blood pressure (5.3 ± 3.6 mmHg; p = 0.01), diastolic blood pressure (2.3 ± 0.4 mmHg; p = 0.02), glucose levels (7.5 ± 0.9 mg/dL; p = 0.01), insulin levels (2.5 ± 0.3 UI/L; p = 0.02), HOMA-IR (0.7 ± 0.2 units; p = 0.03), uric acid levels (0.9 ± 0.2 mg/dl; p = 0.01), resistin levels (4.1 ± 0.4 ng/dl; p = 0.01) and resistin/uric acid index (0.61 ± 0.01 mg/dl; p = 0.02) in subjects of the high resistin/uric acid index group than low index group. Logistic regression analysis reported a high percentage of hyperglycemia (OR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.10-2.92; p = 0.02), hypertension (OR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.36-3.01; p = 0.01), central obesity (OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.15-1.84; p = 0.03) and metabolic syndrome percentage (OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.22-2.69; p = 0.02) in high resistin/uric acid index group. Resistin/uric acid index is related with Metabolic syndrome (MS) risk and criteria of it in a population of Caucasian females with obesity and this index is a correlated with glucose levels, insulin levels and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).

[Lipid metabolism in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with different body weights in mid-mountain conditions].

To study the peculiarities of lipid metabolism disorders in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in lean and obese patients in medium altitude conditions. The study was carried out within the framework of the project "Etiopathogenetic features and rates of development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the conditions of Kyrgyzstan" (№ of state registration MHN/TZ-2020-3). An open comparative study of patients with two forms of NAFLD: fatty liver and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (n=236) living in low mountains (Bishkek, altitude above sea level - 750-800 m; n=111) and middle mountains (At-Bashy district , Naryn region, height above sea level - 2046-2300 m; n=125) Kyrgyzstan. The average age of the patients was 55.7±0.95 years. Given that genetic factors may play a role in the development of NAFLD, we analyzed a population represented only by ethnic Kyrgyz. Patients in each group were divided into lean (BMI≤23) and obese (BMI>23) groups. To determine physical activity, a physical activity questionnaire was used, which was compiled on the basis of the materials of the International Physical Activity Prevalence Study www.ipaq.ki.se. Physical examination included measurement of anthropometric parameters (height, body weight, waist circumference), calculation of body mass index (BMI), skeletal muscle mass index (SMM), percentage of body fat. According to the grades of the WHO, the degree of obesity was assessed by BMI for Asians. Blood samples were taken for research in the morning on an empty stomach after at least 12 hours of fasting. The following indicators were determined: glucose, lipid spectrum (total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels. The BARD scale was used as a predictor for assessing the development of liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. The scoring system included three variables: BMI, AST/ALT, and the presence of DM 2. The diagnosis of NAFLD made on the basis of history, laboratory tests, ultrasound examination of the liver, and exclusion of other liver diseases. The results were analyzed using the SPSS 16.0 statistical software package for Windows. A p-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. It was found that the inhabitants of the middle mountains with NAFLD are represented by a lower BMI relative to the inhabitants of the low mountains. In women, the levels of SMM and the percentage of fat are significantly and statistically significantly correlated (r=-0.971; p<0.001), while in men these two indicators are not related. Men showed a trend towards higher percentages of fat, regardless of body weight and region of residence. For women, this indicator was within acceptable limits and did not exceed 31%. There was found a statistically significant difference in total cholesterol levels between low and middle mountain people in the group of obese patients (p<0.001) suffering from NAFLD. Statistically significant low ALT indices were revealed in the group of obese patients living in mid-mountain conditions. Taken together, our results suggest that chronic mid-mountain hypoxia may slow down the course of overweight-induced NAFLD.

[Patterns of eating habits and body composition in primary school children].

The study of the influence of nutrition and its associations with other parameters, which are closely related to the metabolic profile, in order to better understand the mechanisms of realization of the obesity phenotype in the child population is of particular interest. The aim of the study was to investigate the eating habits of elementary school children and their dependence on the parameters of physical development and body composition of the child population of Tomsk. Material and methods. 506 children aged 7 to 12 years were examined. The main group consisted of 216 children (53.1% boys, 46.9% girls) with overweight and obesity, the control group - 290 healthy children (49.0% boys, 51.0% girls). All children underwent measurement of anthropometric parameters with the calculation of SDS body mass index (WHO Anthro Plus), estimation of body composition by bioimpedancemetry. The actual nutrition of schoolchildren was assessed by the frequency method using a questionnaire. Results. Overweight and obese children had levels of body fat, percent body fat, visceral fat area and whole-body phase angle which were statistically significantly (p<0.001) higher in comparison with the control group. Regular meals were more typical for schoolchildren of the control group compared to the main group (p=0.002). A survey of parents showed that 55.0% of them don't have problems with the nutrition of their children, 32.0% do not have conditions for monitoring their nutrition, 37.5% of children consume high-calorie foods, 29.0% do not comply with the diet, 64.5% - eat while watching TV. Only 21.1% of children consume fresh vegetables daily, cereals - 21.8%, dairy products - 30.3%, milk - 56.5%, meat - 58.5%, cottage cheese - 10.3%. Fish is not consumed by 25.6% of children, consumed less than once a week - by 47.2%. Several times a week, sausages and sausages are consumed by 41.7% of schoolchildren, confectionery - by 32.5%, chocolate and sweets - by 51.5%. Conclusion. The food habits of primary school students in Tomsk are characterized by an insufficient amount of vegetables and fruits, dairy products, fish dishes, a high level of consumption of ultra-processed red meat and various confectionery products (sweets, chocolate, cakes). The absence of statistically significant differences in the results of the survey between the control group and the main group may be due to the multifactorial nature of obesity associated with a variety of behavioral, biological and social factors, the real contribution of which remains to be determined.

Exploring associations of anthropometric parameters and serum triglycerides with serum thyroid hormones in young women

Establishing links between serum thyroid hormone panel and triglyceride (TG) concentrations with non-invasively obtained measurements of anthropometric parameters of young women may provide preliminary knowledge about the homeostasis of metabolic processes and body composition and about the strategic role of the tested parameters as early screening tests for assessing the health status of apparently healthy women in the period preceding pregnancy. The study was conducted in 381 healthy female students (aged 18–26 years, mean ± SD = 22.1 ± 1.3). Anthropometric indices (BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, FAT%) were calculated and serum concentrations of thyroid hormones (TSH, fT3, fT4) were determined using electrochemiluminescence immunoassays and serum triglycerides (TG) with a commercially available test. No association was established between serum TSH and anthropometric indices in healthy young women. Increased serum concentrations of fT4, fT3 and TG were found in overweight subjects, i.e. BMI > 24.9 kg/m2 (p < 0.05). A significant negative association between fT3 and TG was found in underweight subjects (r = − 0.258, p = 0.049) and a significantly positive association in normal-weight subjects (r = 0.139, p = 0.019). In healthy young women differences in BMI are not related to thyroid function. The opposite directions between the associations fT3 vs TG in underweight compared to normal-weight young prepregnant females may suggest dependencies of fT3 and TG in the regulation of specific BMI-dependent metabolic processes.

Evaluation of Risk Factors of Premature Coronary Artery Disease in Patients From North India: A Rising Epidemic

Background: The incidence of premature coronary artery disease (PCAD) is on rising trend in low- and middle-income countries. Considering the limited reports, the current study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence, various predisposing factors, and coronary angiographic findings of PCAD in North India. Methods: Study design—hospital-based analytical cross-sectional study. Setting: Outpatient and inpatient units of a tertiary cardiac center in North India. Two hundred sequential patients (170 males and 30 females) with acute coronary syndrome were evaluated for history of risk factors, measurement of anthropometric parameters, biochemical blood examination, electrocardiogram, complete dental examination, and angiographic assessment of coronary artery lesion. Patients with acute infection or chronic inflammatory disorders were excluded. Patients were divided into PCAD (age ≤45 years) and mature CAD. Results: The prevalence of PCAD was 15% (N = 30). PCAD had higher rates of family history of CAD ( P &lt; 0.001), tobacco consumption ( P = 0.01), smoking ( P = 0.004), and single-vessel disease (SVD) ( P &lt; 0.001). Premature CAD group had significantly lower mean fasting blood glucose (105 ± 41 mg/dL vs 127 ± 45 mg/dL) levels. Conclusion: Family history of CAD, smoking, and tobacco consumption are important risk factors of PCAD. SVD is more common in PCAD. Screening the susceptible population at risk and controlling the cardiovascular risk factors will help reduce the epidemic and consequences of PCAD.

Does the Ketogenic Diet Improve the Quality of Ovarian Function in Obese Women?

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, the prevalence of which ranges from 8 to 13%. It is characterized by metabolic, reproductive, and psychological alterations. PCOS prevalence is related to body mass index (BMI). Women with BMI < 25 kg/m2 have a prevalence of 4.3%, whereas women with BMI > 30 kg/m2 have a prevalence of 14%. Moreover, women with PCOS have a risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) two-fold higher than controls, independently of BMI. Both PCOS and T2DM are also consequences of lower serum sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels, which is currently considered a biomarker of metabolic disorders, in particular T2DM. Aim: To evaluate the effect of the very-low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) on markers suggested to be predictive of metabolic and ovulatory dysfunction. These comprehend SHBG, anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), and progesterone levels on day 21 of the menstrual cycle in a cohort of obese non-diabetic women with PCOS and regular menses. Methods: Twenty-five patients (mean age 25.4 ± 3.44 years) with obesity and PCOS underwent VLCKD for 12 weeks. Each of them underwent measurements of anthropometric parameters (body weight, height, and waist circumference) and blood testing to evaluate serum levels of SHBG, AMH, and progesterone before and after 12 weeks of VLCKD. Results: At enrollment, all patients had high BMI, WC, and AMH, whereas SHBG and progesterone levels were low. After VLCKD, the patients showed a significant reduction in BMI, WC, and HOMA index. In particular, 76% of patients (19/25) switched from obesity to overweight, and the HOMA index normalized, reaching values lower than 2.5 in 96% (24/25) of patients. In addition, serum AMH levels significantly decreased, and progesterone and SHBG significantly increased after VLCKD. Conclusions: This is the first study documenting the effects of VLCKD on ovarian reserve and luteal function in women with PCOS. VLCKD could be used to improve metabolic and ovulatory dysfunction in women with PCOS. Further studies are needed to understand the reasons for the AMH reduction.

Disorders of circadian rhythms of defecation in obese patients

Objective: to evaluate circadian rhythms of the act of defecation in obese patients, depending on the presence or absence of concomitant constipation syndrome.Materials and methods: in the period from October 2020 to April 2022, 251 patients were examined. The average age of the patients was 49.8 ± 11.4 years. The ratio of men and women was 1:1.14 (117:134 people). The study included patients aged 18 to 75 years inclusive, obese: body mass index (BMI) 30 and above and waist circumference &gt;94 cm in men and &gt;80 cm in women who do not have organic diseases of the colon. All patients were assessed for gastroenterological complaints, stool frequency (number a week), stool type according to the Bristol scale (1–7), the time of defecation during the day to identify possible disorders of circadian rhythms, measurement of anthropometric parameters (height, body weight), calculation of BMI. Statistical data processing was performed using Statistica 10 and SAS JMP 11 programs.Results: in the study population, constipation was detected in 45.8% of obese patients. Patients with constipation were signifi cantly more concerned about pain along the colon, bloating, as well as the need for severe straining and pain in the perianal region and along the rectum after defecation (p&lt;0.05). Patients with obesity and constipation syndrome, compared with those without obesity, had signifi cant changes in the frequency, consistency of stool and circadian rhythms of defecation: the frequency of defecation (number a week) 2.8 and 6.9, the average value of the type of stool on the Bristol scale 1.8 and 3.5, defecation in the morning 42.6% and 58.8%, respectively (p&lt;0.05).Conclusions: in patients with obesity and the presence of constipation, pronounced disorders of circadian rhythms of defecation are determined. This can contribute to the progression of chronic constipation, the formation of disorders of the gut microbiota, which leads to the development of the leaky gut syndrome, the maintenance of chronic infl ammation and, as a result, to the progression of obesity and metabolic changes. Restoration of physiological rhythms of the act of defecation is an important component of non-drug treatment in the complex therapy of obesity, metabolic syndrome, chronic constipation.

The incidence of visceral obesity in patients with arterial hypertension and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Background and Aims : To determine the incidence of visceral obesity and the severity of adipose tissue dysfunction in patients with arterial hypertension (AH) and NAFLD.Methods: A prospective controlled study involving 120 hypertensive patients with and without NAFLD was carried out.Anamnesiscollection,measurement of anthropometric parameters,body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio,and visceral obesity index (VOI) calculations (with the age norm for the studied group of patients being≤1.92 conventional units) and epicardial fat thickness were carried out.Also,the degree of adipose tissue dysfunction (ATD) and visceral fat percentage were determined using the bioelectrical impedance method.Results: For a number of demographic and clinical parameters the comparison groups were comparable (p>0.05). When calculating the visceral obesity index,a significantly higher number of patients with VOI>1.92 was observed in patients with AH and NAFLD compared to patients with isolated AH (91.4% vs 40.9%,p=0.0000).As a result of assessing the degree of ATD in the main group, the following data were obtained:moderate ATD-20%,significant ATD-42.8%, severe ATD-28.5%(p=0.5361;p=0.1215;p=0.6281,respectively). At the same time,the percentage of visceral fat in the first group was significantly higher compared to the second group (12[11:14.5] vs 9[6:9],p=0.0000).94.2% of patients in the AH+NAFLD group had the waist-to-hip ration higher than the accepted norm,compared to 54.4% of patients in the AH group (p=0.0004).The epicardial fat thickness was also higher in patients with comorbid pathology (5,3[4,0-7,5] vs 3,0[2,5-3,5],p=0.0000).There is a significant increase in BMI in the first group compared to the second group (32[30.3:34.2] vs 27[24.5:28.7],p=0.0000).Conclusions: Patients with AH and NAFLD have a significantly higher visceral obesity index compared to patients with isolated AH. Background and Aims : To determine the incidence of visceral obesity and the severity of adipose tissue dysfunction in patients with arterial hypertension (AH) and NAFLD. Methods: A prospective controlled study involving 120 hypertensive patients with and without NAFLD was carried out.Anamnesiscollection,measurement of anthropometric parameters,body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio,and visceral obesity index (VOI) calculations (with the age norm for the studied group of patients being≤1.92 conventional units) and epicardial fat thickness were carried out.Also,the degree of adipose tissue dysfunction (ATD) and visceral fat percentage were determined using the bioelectrical impedance method. Results: For a number of demographic and clinical parameters the comparison groups were comparable (p>0.05). When calculating the visceral obesity index,a significantly higher number of patients with VOI>1.92 was observed in patients with AH and NAFLD compared to patients with isolated AH (91.4% vs 40.9%,p=0.0000).As a result of assessing the degree of ATD in the main group, the following data were obtained:moderate ATD-20%,significant ATD-42.8%, severe ATD-28.5%(p=0.5361;p=0.1215;p=0.6281,respectively). At the same time,the percentage of visceral fat in the first group was significantly higher compared to the second group (12[11:14.5] vs 9[6:9],p=0.0000).94.2% of patients in the AH+NAFLD group had the waist-to-hip ration higher than the accepted norm,compared to 54.4% of patients in the AH group (p=0.0004).The epicardial fat thickness was also higher in patients with comorbid pathology (5,3[4,0-7,5] vs 3,0[2,5-3,5],p=0.0000).There is a significant increase in BMI in the first group compared to the second group (32[30.3:34.2] vs 27[24.5:28.7],p=0.0000). Conclusions: Patients with AH and NAFLD have a significantly higher visceral obesity index compared to patients with isolated AH.

Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Fatty Liver Disease is Associated with Greater Impairment of Lung Function than Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

Background and AimsWe compared lung function parameters in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), and examined the association between lung function parameters and fibrosis severity in MAFLD.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, we randomly recruited 2,543 middle-aged individuals from 25 communities across four cities in China during 2016 and 2020. All participants received a health check-up including measurement of anthropometric parameters, biochemical variables, liver ultrasonography, and spirometry. The severity of liver disease was assessed by the fibrosis (FIB)-4 score.ResultsThe prevalence of MAFLD was 20.4% (n=519) and that of NAFLD was 18.4% (n=469). After adjusting for age, sex, adiposity measures, smoking status, and significant alcohol intake, subjects with MAFLD had a significantly lower predicted forced vital capacity (FVC, 88.27±17.60% vs. 90.82±16.85%, p<0.05) and lower 1 s forced expiratory volume (FEV1, 79.89±17.34 vs. 83.02±16.66%, p<0.05) than those with NAFLD. MAFLD with an increased FIB-4 score was significantly associated with decreased lung function. For each 1-point increase in FIB-4, FVC was diminished by 0.507 (95% CI: −0.840, −0.173, p=0.003), and FEV1 was diminished by 0.439 (95% CI: −0.739, −0.140, p=0.004). The results remained unchanged when the statistical analyses was performed separately for men and women.ConclusionsMAFLD was significantly associated with a greater impairment of lung function parameters than NAFLD.